- A comprehensive blue economy policy can unlock Pakistan’s marine potential, boosting agriculture, trade, and coastal resilience
Agriculture and blue economy are two interconnected sectors that play a vital role in Pakistan’s economic development. The agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy, providing employment to millions of people and contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. On the other hand, the blue economy, which encompasses the sustainable use of ocean resources, has the potential to become a major driver of economic growth in Pakistan. The country’s 1,046 km long coastline and extensive marine resources provide a unique opportunity for Pakistan to tap into the blue economy and promote sustainable development. However, the development of the blue economy in Pakistan is heavily dependent on the agriculture sector, which provides essential inputs, such as aquatic feed, biofuels, and other marine-related products. The role of agriculture in supporting blue economic development in Pakistan cannot be overstated. The agriculture sector provides the necessary raw materials for the production of aquatic feed, which is essential for the development of Pakistan’s aquaculture industry. Moreover, the agriculture sector also provides biofuels, which can be used to power fishing vessels and other marine-related activities. In addition, the agriculture sector can also contribute to the development of Pakistan’s blue economy by providing other marine-related products, such as seaweed and fishmeal. Therefore, it is essential to explore the linkages between the agriculture and blue economy sectors in Pakistan and to identify opportunities for promoting sustainable development in these sectors. This paper aims to examine the role of agriculture in supporting blue economic development in Pakistan and to identify strategies for promoting sustainable development in these sectors.
Global approaches to linking agriculture with blue economy initiatives:
Integrated Aquaculture and Agriculture:
- China’s Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture Systems: China has developed large-scale integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems, where agricultural waste is used as feed for fish and other aquatic animals.
- Indonesia’s Integrated Fish-Shrimp-Rice Farming: Indonesia has implemented integrated fish-shrimp-rice farming systems, where fish and shrimp are raised in ponds and rice is cultivated in adjacent fields.
Sustainable Aquatic Feed Production:
- Norway’s Use of Agricultural By-Products in Aquatic Feed: Norway uses agricultural by-products, such as soybean meal and corn gluten meal, in aquatic feed production, reducing the country’s reliance on wild-caught fishmeal.
- Thailand’s Production of Low-Trophic Aquatic Feed: Thailand has developed a low-trophic aquatic feed industry, using plant-based ingredients and agricultural by-products to reduce the environmental impacts of aquaculture.
Blue Economy Initiatives:
- The European Union’s Blue Economy Strategy: The European Union has launched a Blue Economy Strategy, which aims to promote sustainable growth, jobs, and innovation in the marine and maritime sectors.
- Australia’s Blue Economy CRC: Australia has established a Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), which brings together industry, government, and research institutions to develop innovative solutions for the blue economy.
Agricultural Insurance and Risk Management:
- India’s National Agricultural Insurance Scheme: India has implemented a National Agricultural Insurance Scheme, which provides insurance coverage to farmers against crop failures and other risks.
- Brazil’s Agricultural Insurance Program: Brazil has established an Agricultural Insurance Program, which provides insurance coverage to farmers against crop failures, droughts, and other risks.
Agricultural Finance and Investment:
- The African Agricultural Finance Facility: The African Agricultural Finance Facility provides financing to agricultural projects and businesses in Africa, with a focus on promoting sustainable agriculture and blue economy development.
- The Asian Development Bank’s Agricultural Finance Program: The Asian Development Bank’s Agricultural Finance Program provides financing to agricultural projects and businesses in Asia, with a focus on promoting sustainable agriculture and blue economy development.
National approach to link agriculture with blue economy initiatives:
Institutional Framework:
- Ministry of Maritime Affairs: Oversees the development of Pakistan’s maritime sector, including the integration of agriculture and fisheries.
- Ministry of National Food Security and Research: Focuses on promoting agricultural development, including initiatives related to fisheries and aquaculture.
Policy Initiatives:
- Pakistan’s Blue Economy Policy: Aims to promote sustainable development of marine resources, including fisheries, tourism, and shipping.
- Agricultural and Fisheries Policies: Encourage the integration of agriculture and fisheries through initiatives such as aquaponics and integrated fish-shrimp-rice farming.
Infrastructure Development:
- Port Development: Upgrades to ports, such as the Gwadar Port, to enhance trade and commerce related to agriculture and fisheries.
- Fisheries Harbors and Jetties: Development of fisheries harbors and jetties to support the growth of the fisheries sector.
Research and Development:
- Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC): Conducts research on agricultural and fisheries development, including initiatives related to the blue economy.
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): Focuses on research related to oceanography, fisheries, and marine conservation.
Private Sector Engagement:
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourages PPPs to promote investment in agriculture and fisheries infrastructure, such as fish farms and processing facilities.
- Industry Associations: Collaborates with industry associations, such as the Pakistan Fisheries Exporters Association, to promote the growth of the fisheries sector.
International Cooperation:
- Regional Cooperation: Engages in regional cooperation initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), to promote blue economy development.
- International Partnerships: Collaborates with international partners, such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, to access funding and expertise for blue economy development.
But Pakistan require a comprehensive and well-coordinated policy framework to harness the full potential of its blue economy. A proper policy on blue economy would provide a clear roadmap for the sustainable development of Pakistan’s marine resources, balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. It would also help to address the existing gaps and challenges in the sector, such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of research and development, and insufficient human capacity. Furthermore, a well-crafted policy would facilitate coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector entities, and local communities, to ensure that Pakistan’s blue economy is developed in a responsible and sustainable manner.
From Global to Glocal: Best Practices in Blue Economy Policy & Agricultural Prosperity:
As the world’s nations increasingly recognize the importance of sustainable ocean management, many countries have established comprehensive blue economy policies to harness the economic potential of their marine resources while protecting the environment. These policies have significant linkages with agricultural prosperity, as they promote sustainable fisheries and aquaculture practices, reduce pollution from agricultural runoff, and enhance coastal resilience to climate change. From Norway’s sustainable fisheries management to Australia’s innovative offshore renewable energy initiatives, and from Singapore’s thriving maritime trade to Denmark’s pioneering ocean-based industries, countries with well-crafted blue economy policies are reaping numerous benefits, including job creation, economic growth, improved food security, and enhanced environmental sustainability. Similarly, in Asia, countries such as Japan have implemented policies to promote sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, while South Korea has established a comprehensive ocean industry development plan. China has launched the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” initiative to promote maritime cooperation and sustainable development, focusing on port development, shipping, and maritime trade. Bangladesh has introduced the “Bangladesh Blue Economy Policy” to promote sustainable development of its marine resources, including fisheries, tourism, and shipping. India has introduced the “Sagarmala” program to develop its coastal infrastructure and promote blue economy growth. Indonesia has established a national ocean policy to promote sustainable management of its marine resources, and Malaysia has launched the “National Blue Ocean Strategy” to promote sustainable development of its maritime sector. The Philippines has introduced the “Philippine Blue Economy Roadmap” to promote sustainable development of its marine resources, and Thailand has established a national maritime policy to promote sustainable management of its marine resources. Pakistan, with its 1,046 km coastline and significant marine resources, urgently needs a similar comprehensive blue economy policy to tap into this potential, address its pressing economic and environmental challenges, and ensure a sustainable future for its coastal communities and agricultural sector.
To further develop its blue economy and improve financial prosperity and agricultural development, Pakistan requires a comprehensive policy framework that addresses institutional, policy, and legislative reforms. This includes establishing a National Blue Economy Commission to coordinate and oversee blue economy development, strengthening maritime agencies, and enacting a comprehensive blue economy law. Additionally, Pakistan needs to upgrade its port infrastructure, develop coastal tourism infrastructure, and establish fisheries harbors and jetties. Research and development initiatives, such as establishing a National Oceanographic Research Institute and promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, are also crucial. Furthermore, Pakistan should strengthen regional cooperation, engage in international blue economy initiatives, and develop bilateral cooperation agreements. To support these initiatives, Pakistan needs to establish a Blue Economy Fund, promote public-private partnerships, and develop a Blue Economy Financing Strategy. By addressing these key areas, Pakistan can unlock the full potential of its blue economy, improve financial prosperity, and enhance agricultural development so, there is a dire need to realize the fact that, Pakistan’s blue economy and agriculture sectors are intricately linked, and a comprehensive blue economy policy is essential to harness their full potential. By embracing global best practices, addressing institutional and policy gaps, and investing in infrastructure, research, and international cooperation, Pakistan can foster sustainable development, enhance financial prosperity, and boost agricultural growth. A well-designed blue economy policy will provide a clear roadmap for sustainable marine resource development, ensuring a prosperous future for coastal communities and the agricultural sector, and driving national economic growth. Moreover, such a policy will enable Pakistan to combat climate change, reduce poverty and inequality, and promote sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities. By prioritizing blue economy development, Pakistan can unlock a new era of economic growth, prosperity, and sustainability, emerging as a global leader in this critical sector.
The author is in Faculty Department of H&SS, Bahria University Karachi)