- The Baqai era ushered private sector innovation, modernising dentistry and expanding services across Pakistan
As Pakistan approaches its 78th anniversary of independence on August 14th, 2025, it is a fitting moment to reflect on the remarkable journey of various sectors within the nation. Among these, the field of dentistry stands out as an area that has undergone significant transformation, evolving from a budding profession into a sophisticated healthcare discipline.
At the time of independence, the dentistry profession in Pakistan was undeveloped. There were very few qualified dentists, and dental care was largely limited to tooth extractions performed mostly by quacks and untrained individuals. The concept of preventive dentistry was virtually nonexistent, and oral hygiene awareness was minimal among the general population. The newly formed nation faced immense challenges in establishing a strong healthcare infrastructure, and dentistry, understandably, was not an immediate priority.
The foundational years saw slow but steady progress. The premier dental institution of the country was de’Montmorency College of Dentistry in Lahore which pre-dates independence but became dental education hub in Pakistan. It laid the groundwork for formal dental education in the country.
The 1960s and 1970s witnessed establishment of more government-run dental colleges in various provinces across the country, including Dental Section affiliated to Nishtar Medical College in Multan, Khyber College of Dentistry in Peshawar and Dental teaching section affiliated to Liaqat Medical College Jamshoro. These institutions played a key role in producing the first generations of qualified Pakistani dentists, who then began to expand the reach of dental services.
The 1980s marked a significant period for dental education in Balochistan with the inauguration of the dental section attached to Bolan Medical College, Quetta.
However, by the 1990s, the paradigm began to shift. Recognizing the escalating demand for healthcare professionals and the government inability to meet it alone, the Government of Sindh extended an invitation to the private sector to collaborate. This pivotal move led to the establishment of Pakistan’s first private dental college in Karachi, founded by the renowned surgeon Professor Dr. F.U. Baqai, with the vital support of his wife, Professor Dr. Zahida Baqai. This marked the beginning of private sector involvement in dental education. The engagement of the private sector ushered in a revolutionary phase for dental education, entirely reshaping its trajectory to better serve the expanding needs of the populace. It’s become evident that the current period can be aptly named the Baqai Era of Dental Education in Pakistan, acknowledging its transformative influence and high impact.
In the Baqai era of dental education, we find launching of numerous dental schools in the private and public sector in all the provinces. There is gradual increase in the number of dental practitioners and the introduction of more modern dental instruments, devices and techniques. Dental clinics, though still primarily located in urban centers, began to offer a wider range of services. However, access to quality dental care remained largely an urban privilege, with rural areas severely underserved.
The curricula in dental colleges have been updated to align with international standards, and specialized postgraduate programs began to emerge. Dentists started pursuing higher education abroad, bringing back advanced knowledge and techniques in various fields of specialization in dentistry. The Pakistan Medical & Dental Council (PMDC) played an increasingly vital role in regulating dental education and practice, ensuring a certain standard of care.
The turn of the millennium brought with it a new wave of advancements. Digital dentistry, including CAD/CAM technology, intraoral scanning and laser dentistry started to make an appearance in more advanced clinics. Dental implants became a common and highly sought-after treatment option. Public awareness campaigns, though still needing significant amplification, began to emphasize the importance of oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups.
Persistence
Despite these significant strides, dentistry in Pakistan continues to face formidable challenges. The uneven distribution of dentists, with a concentration in major cities, leaves a vast rural population with limited access to care. The cost of modern dental treatments remains prohibitive for a significant portion of the population, highlighting the need for more affordable healthcare solutions and strong public dental health programs. There is also a continuous need for investment in research and development within the field, to address unique local oral health challenges and contribute to global dental science.
Looking ahead, the future of dentistry in Pakistan is promising but requires concerted effort. Emphasizing preventive dentistry through comprehensive school oral health programs and widespread public awareness campaigns are necessary to reduce the burden of tooth decay and oral diseases. Moreover, fostering a strong research culture within dental institutions and promoting collaboration with international bodies will elevate the standard of dental care and education.
The journey of dentistry in Pakistan over the past 78 years is evidence to the dedication and resilience of dentists. From humble beginnings, it has evolved into a dynamic and increasingly sophisticated healthcare discipline. While challenges persist, the progress made is undeniable.
The Author is Dean Faculty of Dentistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi